Early Modern Shipping Industri In Egypt
Early Modern Shipping Industri In Egypt
Early Modern Shipping Industri In Egypt
With the development of the carrack, the west moved into a new era of building the first regular ocean going vessels. These were of unprecedented size, complexity and cost. Shipyards became large industrial complexes and the ships built were financed by consortia of investors.
The shipbuilding industry in Imperial China reached its height during the Sung Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and early Ming Dynasty, building commercial vessels that by the end of this period were to reach a size and sophistication far exceeding that of contemporary Europe. The mainstay of China's merchant and naval fleets was the junk, which had existed for centuries, but it was at this time that the large ships based on this design were built. During the Sung period (9601279 AD), the establishment of China's first official standing navy in 1132 AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad (from Heian Japan to Fatimid Egypt) allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like Fujian to thrive as never before. The largest seaports in the world were in China and included Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Xiamen.
These considerations led to the documentation of design and construction practices in what had previously been a secretive trade run by master shipwrights, and ultimately led to the field of naval architecture, where professional designers and draughtsmen played an increasingly important role, although this is often overlooked. Even so, construction techniques changed only very gradually. The ships of the Napoleonic Wars were superior to those of the Spanish Armada of two centuries earlier but were still built more or less to the same basic plan.
The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written ca. 1436 by Michael of Rhodes, a man who began his career as an oarsman on a Venetian galley in 1401 and worked his way up into officer positions. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on ship building, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials. His treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships.
Nevertheless, there were many subtle changes in ship design and construction in this period. Ships incorporated new design features. One example was tumblehome, a narrowing of the hull as it rises further from the waterline. Another example, is that fundamental to the strength of any boat or ship is the type and composition of the fastenings used to secure the timbers. Often these remained hidden beneath paints, protective coatings or sheathing. In the early modern period, in some circumstances, iron gave way to copper and later to hardened copper for use in fastenings below the waterline. This was in response to the advent of copper sheathing as a deterrent to shipworm and to fouling with weed and barnacles.
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