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Coronation Of The French Monarch
Royal ceremony
Royal ceremonyThe French coronation ritual was similar to the one used in England. The unction was made with a small particle of the contents of the Holy Ampulla mixed with chrism and was given, first on the top of the head (in the form of a cross), then on the breast, between the shoulders, and at the joints of both arms. The king was vested in the dalmatic, tunic and royal robe, all of purple velvet sprinkled with fleurs-de-lys of gold, representing the three Catholic orders of subdeacon, deacon and priest. Kneeling again, he was anointed in the palms of both hands, after which the royal gloves, ring and sceptre were delivered. Then the peers were summoned by name to come near and assist, while the archbishop of Reims took the Crown of Charlemagne from the altar and set it on the king's head. After this, the enthronement itself, followed by the showing of the king to his people, took place. Then a Mass was said, the king receiving Holy Communion under both species (bread and wine). At the conclusion of the Mass there was a solemn blessing of the Oriflamme.
Coronation of the heir
Coronation of Philip, son of King Louis VII of France, as junior king
During the Middle Ages, Capetian Kings of France chose to have their heirs apparent crowned during their own lifetime in order to avoid succession disputes. This practice was later adopted by Angevin King of England and Kings of Hungary. From the moment of their coronation, the heirs were regarded as junior kings (rex iunior), but they exercised little power and were not included in the numbering of monarchs. The nobility disliked this custom, as it reduced their chances to benefit from a possible succession dispute.
The last heir apparent to the French throne to be crowned during his father's lifetime was the future Philip II of France. The practice was eventually abandoned by all kingdoms that had adopted it, as the rules of primogeniture became stronger.
Imperial ceremony
Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I of France at Notre-Dame de Paris. Napoleon crowned himself as "Emperor of the French" during this ceremony, then crowned his consort Josephine as Empress.
During the First French Empire, Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Josephine were crowned in December 1804 in an extremely elaborate ritual presided over by Pope Pius VII and conducted at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The pope and prelates entered Notre Dame in procession, followed by Napoleon and Josphine with the Imperial Regalia preceding them. The regalia were placed on the altar and blessed by the pope, who then seated himself upon a throne to the left of the altar. Following this Napoleon was anointed by the pontiff three times on the head and hands, with the new emperor reportedly yawning several times during this act and the remainder of the ceremony. The high point of the ceremony came when Napoleon advanced to the altar, took the crown and placed it upon his own head. Replacing this with a laurel wreath of gold made in the ancient Roman style, he then crowned his wife, who knelt before him. Six months later, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy at Milan with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
Emperor Napoleon III chose not to have a coronation ceremony. Nevertheless, a small consort's crown was fabricated for his wife, Empress Eugenie, which remains in the possession of the French government.
Extinction of the ceremony
The last French royal coronation was that of Charles X, in 1824. Charles' decision to be crowned, in contrast to his predecessor, Louis XVIII, proved unfavorable with the French public, and Charles was ultimately overthrown in a revolution in 1830. His successor, Louis Phillipe, opted not to have a coronation. The French government broke up and sold off most of the French Crown Jewels after 1875, in hopes of avoiding any further royalist agitation against the newly-restored republic.
See also
Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor
Coronation of the British monarch
Notes
^ English: The [old] king is dead; long live the [new] King!
References
^ Giesey, Ralph E. (1990). "Inaugural Aspects of French Royal Ceremonials". in Bak, Jnos M. Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft367nb2f3&brand=ucpress. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
^ Knecht, Robert Jean (1996). Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052157885X. http://books.google.com/books?id=zGvoIW6Y_xAC&pg=PA45&dq=coronation+kings+queens+France+Rheims&lr=. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
^ a b "Coronation LoveToKnow 1911". 1911encyclopedia.org. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Coronation. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ Laynesmith, J. L. (2004). The last medieval queens: English queenship 1445-1503. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199247374. http://books.google.com/books?id=CzbvejfNwI8C&pg=PA99&dq=coronation+kings+queens+France&lr=. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
^ Francois Velde (2005-10-11). "French Peerage". Heraldica.org. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/peerage.htm#twelve. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
^ Le Goff, Jacques (1990). "A Coronation Program for the Age of Saint Louis: The Ordo of 1250". in Bak, Jnos M. Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft367nb2f3&chunk.id=0&doc.view=print. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ Bartlett, Robert (2003). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199251010.
^ Staunton, Michael (2001). The Lives of Thomas Becket. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719054559. http://books.google.com/books?id=97F23Rt1P8sC&dq=The+lives+of+Thomas+Becket&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=2TRBSs0VxZ-UB43UvPoI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
^ Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. USA: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295972904.
^ from Le Figaro, translated by Bill Peterson. "Coronation". Wargame.ch. http://www.wargame.ch/wc/nwc/newsletter/23rd_edition/Newsletter23/Coronation.html. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ "Napoleon's Coronation as Emperor of the French". Georgianindex.net. http://www.georgianindex.net/Napoleon/coronation/coronation.html. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
Bibliography
Menin, Nicolas. A Description of the Coronation of the Kings and Queens of France, Printed for S. Hooper, 1775
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Coronation
Regalia
Crown Diadem Tiara Armill Ring Globus cruciger (orb) Sceptre Sword
Related items and rituals
Throne Anointing Enthronement Investiture
Specific customs
Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor Coronation of the British monarch Coronation of the French monarch Coronation of the Hungarian monarch Coronation of the Russian monarch Coronation of the Polish monarch Coronation of the Norwegian monarch Papal Coronation Other coronations
Categories: Coronation | French monarchyHidden categories: Articles containing explicitly cited English language text
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